\contentsline {chapter}{\@textofLoF }{iv}
\contentsline {chapter}{\@textofLoT }{vi}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {\@textofChapter \ 1:}Introduction}{1}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {\@textofChapter \ 2:}Poroelastic Models of Tidal Loading on a Mid-Ocean Ridge Hydrothermal System}{6}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Introduction}{6}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}One-Dimensional Model}{8}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.1}Equation Set}{8}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.2}Analytical Solution}{10}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.3}Gassmann's Equation}{11}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.4}Input Parameters}{12}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.5}One-Dimensional Results}{15}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Two-Dimensional Models}{20}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.1}Equation Set}{20}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.2}Numerical Solution}{21}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.3}Numerical Benchmarks}{22}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.4}The Models}{24}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.5}Two-Dimensional Results and Discussion}{29}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Predicted Pressure Perturbations}{31}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Predicted Seafloor Observations of Darcy Velocity}{35}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Predicted Seafloor Observations of Temperature}{40}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Enhanced Dispersion and Fluid Exchange}{43}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.4}Conclusions}{50}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.5}Supplementary Materials}{51}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {\@textofChapter \ 3:}The Sound Generated by Mid-Ocean Ridge Black Smokers}{52}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}Introduction}{52}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}Results}{53}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}Discussion}{57}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.1}Source Mechanisms}{57}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Broadband Sources}{61}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Broadband Source Identification}{64}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Narrowband Sources}{65}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.2}Temporal Variability}{66}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.3}Biological Implications}{67}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}Conclusions}{68}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.5}Methods}{68}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.5.1}Acoustic Recording System}{68}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.5.2}Field Program}{69}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.5.3}Data Reduction}{70}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.6}Supplementary Materials}{70}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {\@textofChapter \ 4:}Measuring Black Smoker Flow Rates Using Optical Plume Velocimetry}{72}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Introduction}{72}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}General Concepts Related to Image-Based Jet Flow Measurement}{75}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.1}Theory of Turbulent Buoyant Jets and Plumes}{75}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.2}The Visible Flow Field}{79}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.3}Two-Dimensional Projection and Video Capture}{80}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.4}The Time-Averaged Image-Velocity Field}{80}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.5}Flow Rate Metric}{81}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Laboratory Simulations}{82}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.1}Apparatus}{82}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.2}Simulations}{83}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}Computational Methods}{91}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.1}Region-Based Matching}{91}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.2}Hovm\"{o}ller Diagram Spectral Analysis}{94}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.3}Temporal Cross-Correlation}{97}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.4}Flow Rate Metric}{98}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.5}Optical Plume Velocimetry}{99}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.5}Results}{99}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5.1}Region-Based Matching}{99}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5.2}Hovm\"{o}ller Diagram Spectral Analysis}{102}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5.3}Temporal Cross-Correlation}{102}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.6}Discussion}{106}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6.1}Region-Based Matching}{107}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6.2}Hovm\"{o}ller Diagram Spectral Analysis}{111}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6.3}Temporal Cross-Correlation}{111}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6.4}Implications for Real Systems and Future Instrumentation}{113}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.7}Conclusions}{115}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.8}Supplementary Materials}{116}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {\@textofChapter \ 5:}Overall Conclusions and Future Research Directions}{118}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Poroelastic Convection Models}{118}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}Passive-Acoustic Measurements}{119}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}Black Smoker Optical Plume Velocimetry}{119}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}Future Research Directions}{120}
\contentsline {chapter}{\@textofBIB }{122}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {\@textofAppendix \ A:}List of Symbols}{134}
\noindent Pocket Material:\hspace {1em}CD-ROM of Supplementary Information