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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.1}{\ignorespaces Diagram illustrating the central role of aqueous fluid flow within mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems}}{2}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.1}{\ignorespaces Solution of the velocity-density form of Gassmann's equation}}{16}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.2}{\ignorespaces Solution of the loading efficiency equation}}{18}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.3}{\ignorespaces Contours of the diffusive penetration depth}}{19}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.4}{\ignorespaces One-dimensional poroelastic benchmarks}}{25}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.5}{\ignorespaces Model geometry and boundary conditions}}{28}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.6}{\ignorespaces Steady state temperature and velocity field for Model 1}}{30}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.7}{\ignorespaces Time-series panels of pressure perturbation over one tidal cycle}}{32}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.8}{\ignorespaces Pressure perturbation field at high tide for Models 1--7}}{34}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.9}{\ignorespaces Seafloor Darcy velocity range over one 12.5-hour tidal cycle}}{36}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.10}{\ignorespaces Darcy velocity perturbations for a range of formation permeability}}{37}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.11}{\ignorespaces Darcy velocity phase lag along the top of the model domain}}{39}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.12}{\ignorespaces Temperature perturbation time-series}}{41}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.13}{\ignorespaces Schematic diagram of temperature perturbations associated with tidally induced reversals in horizontal pressure gradient}}{43}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.14}{\ignorespaces Shaded contours of tidally induced fluid path length increase}}{46}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.15}{\ignorespaces Results for a model including a fault zone}}{48}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.16}{\ignorespaces Results for a model including both layer 2A and 2B/C}}{49}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.1}{\ignorespaces Geological map of the southern part of the Main Endeavour vent field}}{54}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.2}{\ignorespaces Photographs showing acoustic recording systems deployed at vents}}{55}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.3}{\ignorespaces Hour-average acoustic power spectra}}{56}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.4}{\ignorespaces Puffer acoustic spectrogram}}{58}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.5}{\ignorespaces Frequency-frequency plot of spectrogram spectra}}{59}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.6}{\ignorespaces Phase lags of the maximal acoustic power output}}{60}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.1}{\ignorespaces Conceptual flow diagram illustrating the stages of image-based jet flow measurement}}{76}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.2}{\ignorespaces Schematic of simulated black smoker jet apparatus}}{84}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.3}{\ignorespaces Simulated black smoker nozzle assembly}}{85}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.4}{\ignorespaces Photograph of laboratory apparatus during a simulation run}}{86}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.5}{\ignorespaces Typical video image frame from black smoker simulation}}{87}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.6}{\ignorespaces Solutions of the normalized non-dimensional Morton length scale used for laboratory simulation scaling}}{92}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.7}{\ignorespaces Normalized standard error of the mean of the mean image velocity}}{95}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.8}{\ignorespaces Typical Hovm\"{o}ller diagram and Hovm\"{o}ller FFT}}{96}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.9}{\ignorespaces Typical image-velocity fields computed using region-based matching}}{100}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.10}{\ignorespaces Flow rate metric from region-based matching versus measured flow}}{101}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.11}{\ignorespaces Typical image-velocity fields computed using Hovm\"{o}ller diagram spectral analysis}}{103}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.12}{\ignorespaces Flow rate metric from Hovm\"{o}ller diagram spectral analysis}}{104}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.13}{\ignorespaces Typical image-velocity fields computed using temporal cross-correlation}}{105}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.14}{\ignorespaces Flow rate metric from temporal cross-correlation versus measured flow}}{106}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.15}{\ignorespaces Plume edge position example}}{109}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.16}{\ignorespaces Plume edge standard deviations as a function of nozzle flow rate}}{110}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.17}{\ignorespaces Flow feature wavelength filtering as a function of Nyquist frequency fraction and image-velocity}}{112}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.18}{\ignorespaces Transition regions for two black smokers}}{114}
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